When did archery arise in the Americas? And what were the effects of this technology on society?
These questions have long been debated among anthropologists and archaeologists. But a recent study published in Quaternary International and led by an anthropologist from the College of Letters and Science at UC Davis is shining light on this mystery.
Focusing on the Lake Titicaca Basin in the Andes mountains, a team of anthropologists led by UC Davis anthropology doctoral candidate Luis Flores-Blanco found through analysis of 1,179 projectile points that the rise of archery technology dates to around 5,000 years ago. Previous research held that archery in the Andes emerged around 3,000 years ago.
The new research indicates that the adoption of bow and arrow technology coincided with both the expansion of exchange networks and the growing tendency for people to reside in villages.
“We think our paper is groundbreaking because it gives us a chance to see how society changed throughout the Andes throughout ancient times by presenting a huge number of artifacts from a vast area of South America,” Flores-Blanco said. “This is among the first instances in which Andean archaeologists have investigated social complexity through the quantitative analysis of stone tools.”
According to Flores-Blanco, increasing social complexity in the region is usually investigated through analysis of monumental architecture and ceramics rather than projectile points, which are historically linked to foraging communities.
Pooling from 10,000 years of history
For the study, the team examined 1,179 projectile points created over 10,000 years. Each projectile point originated in the Lake Titicaca Basin, specifically the Ilave and Ramis valleys, which are located southwest and northwest of the basin, respectively.
Commenting on the significance of this region, Flores-Blanco said it’s among the highest plateau lands explored and conquered by humans, with Lake Titicaca sitting at an elevation of 12,500 feet.
“At Titicaca, Andeans accomplished the remarkable achievement of domesticating plants like the potato, leaving behind a nutritious legacy that is still appreciated today,” Flores-Blanco said. “On top of that, the Tiwanaku were one of the major Andean civilizations that built their vast territory here. Even the Inca Empire claimed this territory was their mythical place of origin. Our study digs even deeper and goes to the roots of this Andean civilization.”
In their analysis, Flores-Blanco and his colleagues considered each projectile’s date of origin and then measured its length, width, thickness and weight. They noticed that older projectile points — from the Early Archaic through the Late Archaic — were larger. A significant decrease in size occurred during the Terminal Archaic period, around 5,000 years ago. The team hypothesized that this size shift indicates a change in preference from spear-throwing technology to bow-and-arrow technology, but without abandoning the old technologies.
In addition, the team compared their projectile data to archaeological data from the region concerning settlement sizes, raw material availability and cranial trauma data. During the Terminal Archaic period, settlement sizes increased but the total number of settlement sites decreased. Not only that, but the inhabitants lacked signs of social violence, even though they had access to exotic raw materials.
“Based on our discovery, we can suggest that bow-and-arrow technology could have maintained and ensured adherence to emerging social norms that were crucial, such as those observed in the development of new social institutions, like obsidian exchange hubs or among individuals establishing residence in expanding villages,” Flores-Blanco said.
Future directions
While the recent research only roughly estimates the date of archery technology’s origin in the region, Flores-Blanco is already thinking about how to better refine future investigations.
“We want to examine this big picture from specific archaeological sites, where greater chronological control will allow for more precise results regarding the introduction of archery technology,” he said. “Secondly, in order to prevent our discipline from becoming overly reliant on the North American database that we have been utilizing, Andean archaeologists must compile a database of ethnographic projectile point measurements from South America.”
Flores-Blanco co-authored the study with Lucero Cuellar, National University of San Marcos; Mark Aldenderfer, UC Merced; Charles Stanish, University of South Florida; and Randall Haas, University of Wyoming.